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1993-05-03
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PUBLIC INFORMATION OFFICE
JET PROPULSION LABORATORY
CALIFORNIA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY
NATIONAL AERONAUTICS AND SPACE ADMINISTRATION
PASADENA, CALIF. 91109. TELEPHONE (818) 354-5011
Contact: James H. Wilson
FOR IMMEDIATE RELEASE February 3, 1992
Recent observations by NASA's Upper Atmosphere Research
Satellite (UARS) have shown exceptionally high levels of chlorine
monoxide (ClO) at high northern latitudes, raising the
possibility of enhanced ozone depletion over populated areas of
the Earth, according to a UARS scientist.
The Microwave Limb Sounder (MLS) detected elevated levels of
ClO -- a key constituent in the chemical processes that lead to
ozone depletion -- over large populated areas of Europe and Asia,
north of about 50 degrees latitude, said MLS Principal
Investigator Dr. Joe W. Waters of the Jet Propulsion Laboratory.
For example, high ClO levels were observed on January 11, 1992,
over Scandinavia, Northern Eurasia and the cities of London,
Moscow and Amsterdam.
These ClO levels, approximately 1 part per billion volume
(ppbv) are comparable to levels observed within the Antarctic
ozone hole. Stratospheric ClO molecules, which result primarily
from industrial chemicals such as chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs)
released in the lower atmosphere, are the dominant form of
chlorine that destroys ozone in a process that starts when
sunlight breaks up the CFCs.
Sustained levels of ClO could lead to significant ozone
destruction over the Northern Hemisphere, perhaps even to anozone hole over the Arctic, Waters said. Whether an ozone hole
actually develops will depend on how long the elevated ClO levels
persist.
MLS data also show very low ozone levels in the tropical
stratosphere over an area roughly coinciding with the plume from
the Mount Pinatubo volcanic eruption in mid-1991. Observation of
reduced ozone in the tropics, linked to volcanic plumes, raises
the possibility that volcanic eruptions may trigger ozone
depletion processes similar to those occurring within the
Antarctic ozone hole.
In the tropics, preliminary results show ozone levels at an
altitude of 21 kilometers (about 69,000 feet) about 50 percent
less than typical pre-eruption levels observed by other means.
(UARS was launched September 12, 1991, three months after Mount
Pinatubo erupted.) MLS total ozone levels in the tropics appear
to be about 10 percent lower than typical. This area of low
ozone extends roughly from 10 degrees South latitude to about 20
degrees North. In addition, the MLS observed transient areas of
low ozone across the western United States, findings that were
corroborated by independent ground-based measurements in Boulder,
Colorado.
Computer models have predicted that aerosols from Mount
Pinatubo would deplete the ozone layer at a greater rate than
previous eruptions because of the additional chlorine. These
models assumed that chemical reactions would occur on the
surfaces of the stratospheric sulfur compounds within the
volcanic cloud that are similar to reactions than occur on the
surfaces of stratospheric ice crystals above Antarctica. The
possibility also exists, Waters said, that the low tropical ozone
is due to atmospheric dynamics rather than chemistry.
UARS is providing the first opportunity to study these
processes from a global perspective. During the satellite's
primary mission, scientists will have the chance to monitor ozone
depletion through two northern winters. UARS scientists will
combine data from the 10 instruments to develop a long-term
three-dimensional profile of the chemistry, dynamics, and
energetics of the Earth's upper atmosphere. UARS data will also
be combined with data collected from ground-based, aircraft, and
balloon campaigns.
The MLS team announced their results in five scientific
papers given at the recent meeting of the American Meteorological
Society in Atlanta.
The Goddard Space Flight Center manages the UARS project for
NASA's Office if Space Flight and Applications. JPL developed
and operates the MLS instrument on UARS with collaboration from
Heriot-Watt University, Edinburgh University and Rutherford
Appleton Laboratory in the United Kingdom.
#####
NOTE TO EDITORS: Black-and-white and color computer plots are
available to illustrate this story from JPL Public Information
(Phone 818-354-5011). They show ozone distribution for December
6, 1991 and January 11, 1992, and chlorine monoxide distribution
for January 11.